Shield Public Safety Training · Police Technology Case Law Center

Police Technology Case Law Index

Research leading cases involving Fourth Amendment doctrine, electronic surveillance, location tracking, cell phones, digital records, pole cameras, aerial observation, vehicle searches, bodily evidence, curtilage, geofence warrants, DNA and biometrics, special-needs searches, and technology-assisted police investigations.

110Published Case Analyses
16Research Topics
1967–2026Decisions Represented

Start Here

New to Fourth Amendment technology law? These six decisions provide a strong foundation for understanding privacy, digital evidence, location tracking, home protection, and modern police technology.

Foundational PrivacyKatz v. United StatesReasonable expectations of privacy and the move beyond property-based Fourth Amendment analysis. Location TrackingUnited States v. JonesGPS tracking, physical trespass, and long-term surveillance. Digital DevicesRiley v. CaliforniaWhy searching a smartphone differs from searching ordinary physical objects. Digital Location DataCarpenter v. United StatesHistorical cell-site information and limits on the third-party doctrine. Geofence WarrantsChatrie v. United States (2026)Geofence warrants and constitutional limits on digital dragnet techniques. Home ProtectionCaniglia v. StromWhy generalized community caretaking does not create a freestanding home-entry exception.
Browse A–ZBrowse by TopicView TimelinePersistent Surveillance ExplainerTechnology CrosswalkFourth Amendment Timeline

Browse A–Z

ABCDFHIJKLMOPRSTUVW

A

Arizona v. Gant 2009 · U.S. Supreme Court Arizona v. Hicks 1987 · U.S. Supreme Court

B

Berger v. New York 1967 · U.S. Supreme Court Birchfield v. North Dakota 2016 · U.S. Supreme Court Brigham City v. Stuart 2006 · U.S. Supreme Court

C

California v. Acevedo 1991 · U.S. Supreme Court California v. Ciraolo 1986 · U.S. Supreme Court California v. Greenwood 1988 · U.S. Supreme Court Caniglia v. Strom 2021 · U.S. Supreme Court Carpenter v. United States 2018 · U.S. Supreme Court Chatrie v. United States (2026) 2026 · U.S. Supreme Court Clements v. Commonwealth 2026 · Court of Appeals of Virginia Commonwealth v. Almonor 2019 · Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Commonwealth v. Augustine 2014 · Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Commonwealth v. Comenzo 2022 · Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Commonwealth v. McCarthy 2020 · Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Commonwealth v. Mora 2020 · Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court

D

District of Columbia v. Wesby 2018 · U.S. Supreme Court Dow Chemical Co. v. United States 1986 · U.S. Supreme Court

F

Florida v. Harris 2013 · U.S. Supreme Court Florida v. Jardines 2013 · U.S. Supreme Court Florida v. Riley 1989 · U.S. Supreme Court

H

Horton v. California 1990 · U.S. Supreme Court

I

Illinois v. Caballes 2005 · U.S. Supreme Court Illinois v. Gates 1983 · U.S. Supreme Court Illinois v. Wardlow 2000 · U.S. Supreme Court

J

Jones v. United States 2017 · District of Columbia Court of Appeals

K

Kansas v. Glover 2020 · U.S. Supreme Court Katz v. United States 1967 · U.S. Supreme Court Kyllo v. United States 2001 · U.S. Supreme Court

L

Lange v. California 2021 · U.S. Supreme Court Leaders of a Beautiful Struggle v. Baltimore Police Department 2021 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit Long Lake Township v. Maxon 2024 · Michigan Supreme Court

M

Maryland v. King 2013 · U.S. Supreme Court Maryland v. Pringle 2003 · U.S. Supreme Court Microsoft Corp. v. United States 2016 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit Minnesota v. Dickerson 1993 · U.S. Supreme Court Missouri v. McNeely 2013 · U.S. Supreme Court

O

Oliver v. United States 1984 · U.S. Supreme Court

P

People v. Meza 2023 · California Court of Appeal, Second District People v. Seymour 2023 · Colorado Supreme Court People v. Tafoya 2021 · Colorado Supreme Court Prado Navarette v. California 2014 · U.S. Supreme Court Price v. Superior Court 2023 · California Court of Appeal, Fourth District

R

Riley v. California 2014 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Alisigwe 2026 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit Robinson v. Commonwealth 2026 · Court of Appeals of Virginia Rodriguez v. United States 2015 · U.S. Supreme Court

S

Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives' Association 1989 · U.S. Supreme Court Smith v. Maryland 1979 · U.S. Supreme Court State v. Andrews 2016 · Court of Special Appeals of Maryland State v. Contreras-Sanchez 2026 · Minnesota Supreme Court State v. Copes 2017 · Court of Appeals of Maryland State v. Earls 2013 · Supreme Court of New Jersey State v. Loomis 2016 · Wisconsin Supreme Court State v. Martin 2019 · Florida Fourth District Court of Appeal State v. Miles 2026 · Supreme Court of New Jersey State v. Pennington 2026 · Kansas Court of Appeals State v. Simonson 2026 · Washington Court of Appeals, Division III State v. Sylvestre 2018 · Florida Fourth District Court of Appeal State v. Tate 2014 · Wisconsin Supreme Court

T

Tracey v. State 2014 · Supreme Court of Florida

U

United States v. Ackerman 2016 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit United States v. Alisigwe 2026 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit United States v. Adkinson 2019 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Artis 2019 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States v. Arvizu 2002 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Brewer 2019 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Cuevas-Sanchez 1987 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit United States v. Davis 2015 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit United States v. Dunn 1987 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Ellis 2017 · U.S. District Court, Northern District of California United States v. Forrester 2007 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States v. Ganias 2016 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit United States v. Gibson 2021 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Graham 2016 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit United States v. Hammond 2021 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Hay 2024 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit United States v. Houston 2016 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit United States v. Jacobsen 1984 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Jones 2012 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Karo 1984 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Kendrick 2026 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Kienast 2018 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Knotts 1983 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Lambis 2016 · U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York United States v. Leon 1984 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Lewis 2022 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Mapson 2024 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit United States v. Miller 1976 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Moore-Bush 2022 · U.S. Court of Appeals, First Circuit United States v. Patrick 2016 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Place 1983 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Porter 2026 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit United States v. Rigmaiden 2013 · U.S. District Court, District of Arizona United States v. Riley 2017 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit United States v. Ross 1982 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Sanchez-Jara 2018 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Skinner 2012 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit United States v. Smith 2024 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit United States v. Thorne 2026 · U.S. Court of Appeals, D.C. Circuit United States v. Tuggle 2021 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. U.S. District Court 1972 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Warshak 2010 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit United States v. White 1971 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Wilford 2013 · U.S. District Court, District of Maryland United States v. Wurie 2013 · First Circuit; affirmed with Riley in 2014 United States v. Yang 2020 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit

V

Van Buren v. United States 2021 · U.S. Supreme Court

W

Wells v. State 2025 · Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Whren v. United States 1996 · U.S. Supreme Court

Browse by Topic

Digital Privacy & Records

Carpenter v. United States 2018 · U.S. Supreme Court Chatrie v. United States (2026) 2026 · U.S. Supreme Court Commonwealth v. Augustine 2014 · Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Microsoft Corp. v. United States 2016 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit Riley v. California 2014 · U.S. Supreme Court Smith v. Maryland 1979 · U.S. Supreme Court State v. Earls 2013 · Supreme Court of New Jersey Tracey v. State 2014 · Supreme Court of Florida United States v. Ackerman 2016 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit United States v. Adkinson 2019 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Davis 2015 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit United States v. Forrester 2007 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States v. Ganias 2016 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit United States v. Graham 2016 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit United States v. Kienast 2018 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Lewis 2022 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Miller 1976 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Warshak 2010 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit United States v. White 1971 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Wurie 2013 · First Circuit; affirmed with Riley in 2014 Van Buren v. United States 2021 · U.S. Supreme Court People v. Meza 2023 · California Court of Appeal, Second District Price v. Superior Court 2023 · California Court of Appeal, Fourth District People v. Seymour 2023 · Colorado Supreme Court United States v. Smith 2024 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit Clements v. Commonwealth 2026 · Court of Appeals of Virginia State v. Contreras-Sanchez 2026 · Minnesota Supreme Court State v. Pennington 2026 · Kansas Court of Appeals Wells v. State 2025 · Texas Court of Criminal Appeals

Location Tracking & Location Data

Carpenter v. United States 2018 · U.S. Supreme Court Chatrie v. United States (2026) 2026 · U.S. Supreme Court Commonwealth v. Almonor 2019 · Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Commonwealth v. Augustine 2014 · Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Commonwealth v. McCarthy 2020 · Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Jones v. United States 2017 · District of Columbia Court of Appeals Leaders of a Beautiful Struggle v. Baltimore Police Department 2021 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit People v. Tafoya 2021 · Colorado Supreme Court State v. Copes 2017 · Court of Appeals of Maryland State v. Earls 2013 · Supreme Court of New Jersey State v. Martin 2019 · Florida Fourth District Court of Appeal State v. Sylvestre 2018 · Florida Fourth District Court of Appeal State v. Tate 2014 · Wisconsin Supreme Court Tracey v. State 2014 · Supreme Court of Florida United States v. Adkinson 2019 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Artis 2019 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States v. Brewer 2019 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Davis 2015 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit United States v. Ellis 2017 · U.S. District Court, Northern District of California United States v. Gibson 2021 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Graham 2016 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit United States v. Hammond 2021 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Hay 2024 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit United States v. Jones 2012 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Karo 1984 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Knotts 1983 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Lambis 2016 · U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York United States v. Lewis 2022 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Moore-Bush 2022 · U.S. Court of Appeals, First Circuit United States v. Patrick 2016 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Rigmaiden 2013 · U.S. District Court, District of Arizona United States v. Riley 2017 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit United States v. Sanchez-Jara 2018 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Skinner 2012 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit United States v. Thorne 2026 · U.S. Court of Appeals, D.C. Circuit United States v. Tuggle 2021 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Wilford 2013 · U.S. District Court, District of Maryland United States v. Mapson 2024 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit People v. Meza 2023 · California Court of Appeal, Second District Price v. Superior Court 2023 · California Court of Appeal, Fourth District United States v. Smith 2024 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit United States v. Yang 2020 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit Robinson v. Commonwealth 2026 · Court of Appeals of Virginia State v. Simonson 2026 · Washington Court of Appeals, Division III United States v. Porter 2026 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit

Persistent Surveillance, Aggregation & Mosaic Theory

Recommended Doctrinal Overview Persistent Surveillance & the Fourth Amendment Start here for an integrated explanation of aggregation and mosaic theory, prolonged monitoring, historical search, retention, ALPR, pole cameras, drones, RTCCs, data fusion, the leading cases, and agency governance.
United States v. Jones 2012 · U.S. Supreme Court Carpenter v. United States 2018 · U.S. Supreme Court Leaders of a Beautiful Struggle v. Baltimore Police Department 2021 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit United States v. Moore-Bush 2022 · U.S. Court of Appeals, First Circuit United States v. Tuggle 2021 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit People v. Tafoya 2021 · Colorado Supreme Court Commonwealth v. Mora 2020 · Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Commonwealth v. McCarthy 2020 · Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court United States v. Hay 2024 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit United States v. Kendrick 2026 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit Chatrie v. United States (2026) 2026 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Yang 2020 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States v. Mapson 2024 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit

Pole Cameras & Fixed Video Surveillance

Commonwealth v. Comenzo 2022 · Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Commonwealth v. Mora 2020 · Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court People v. Tafoya 2021 · Colorado Supreme Court United States v. Cuevas-Sanchez 1987 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit United States v. Hay 2024 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit United States v. Houston 2016 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit United States v. Kendrick 2026 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Moore-Bush 2022 · U.S. Court of Appeals, First Circuit United States v. Tuggle 2021 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit

Home, Curtilage & Open Fields

Arizona v. Hicks 1987 · U.S. Supreme Court Brigham City v. Stuart 2006 · U.S. Supreme Court California v. Ciraolo 1986 · U.S. Supreme Court Caniglia v. Strom 2021 · U.S. Supreme Court Commonwealth v. Comenzo 2022 · Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Commonwealth v. Mora 2020 · Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Florida v. Jardines 2013 · U.S. Supreme Court Florida v. Riley 1989 · U.S. Supreme Court Kyllo v. United States 2001 · U.S. Supreme Court Lange v. California 2021 · U.S. Supreme Court Oliver v. United States 1984 · U.S. Supreme Court People v. Tafoya 2021 · Colorado Supreme Court State v. Andrews 2016 · Court of Special Appeals of Maryland State v. Martin 2019 · Florida Fourth District Court of Appeal State v. Sylvestre 2018 · Florida Fourth District Court of Appeal United States v. Cuevas-Sanchez 1987 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit United States v. Dunn 1987 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Hay 2024 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit United States v. Houston 2016 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit United States v. Karo 1984 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Lambis 2016 · U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York United States v. Moore-Bush 2022 · U.S. Court of Appeals, First Circuit United States v. Rigmaiden 2013 · U.S. District Court, District of Arizona United States v. Tuggle 2021 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit

Aerial & Technology Surveillance

California v. Ciraolo 1986 · U.S. Supreme Court Commonwealth v. McCarthy 2020 · Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Dow Chemical Co. v. United States 1986 · U.S. Supreme Court Florida v. Riley 1989 · U.S. Supreme Court Kyllo v. United States 2001 · U.S. Supreme Court Leaders of a Beautiful Struggle v. Baltimore Police Department 2021 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit Long Lake Township v. Maxon 2024 · Michigan Supreme Court United States v. Karo 1984 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Knotts 1983 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Mapson 2024 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit United States v. Yang 2020 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit

Electronic Surveillance

Berger v. New York 1967 · U.S. Supreme Court Commonwealth v. Almonor 2019 · Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Jones v. United States 2017 · District of Columbia Court of Appeals Katz v. United States 1967 · U.S. Supreme Court Smith v. Maryland 1979 · U.S. Supreme Court State v. Andrews 2016 · Court of Special Appeals of Maryland State v. Copes 2017 · Court of Appeals of Maryland State v. Earls 2013 · Supreme Court of New Jersey State v. Martin 2019 · Florida Fourth District Court of Appeal State v. Sylvestre 2018 · Florida Fourth District Court of Appeal State v. Tate 2014 · Wisconsin Supreme Court Tracey v. State 2014 · Supreme Court of Florida United States v. Adkinson 2019 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Artis 2019 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States v. Ellis 2017 · U.S. District Court, Northern District of California United States v. Forrester 2007 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States v. Gibson 2021 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Hammond 2021 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Lambis 2016 · U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York United States v. Lewis 2022 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Patrick 2016 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Rigmaiden 2013 · U.S. District Court, District of Arizona United States v. Riley 2017 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit United States v. Sanchez-Jara 2018 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Skinner 2012 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit United States v. Thorne 2026 · U.S. Court of Appeals, D.C. Circuit United States v. U.S. District Court 1972 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. White 1971 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Wilford 2013 · U.S. District Court, District of Maryland

Traffic Stops & Reasonable Suspicion

District of Columbia v. Wesby 2018 · U.S. Supreme Court Illinois v. Caballes 2005 · U.S. Supreme Court Illinois v. Wardlow 2000 · U.S. Supreme Court Kansas v. Glover 2020 · U.S. Supreme Court Minnesota v. Dickerson 1993 · U.S. Supreme Court Prado Navarette v. California 2014 · U.S. Supreme Court Rodriguez v. United States 2015 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Arvizu 2002 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Place 1983 · U.S. Supreme Court Whren v. United States 1996 · U.S. Supreme Court

Probable Cause & Warrants

Berger v. New York 1967 · U.S. Supreme Court California v. Acevedo 1991 · U.S. Supreme Court Commonwealth v. Augustine 2014 · Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court District of Columbia v. Wesby 2018 · U.S. Supreme Court Florida v. Harris 2013 · U.S. Supreme Court Horton v. California 1990 · U.S. Supreme Court Illinois v. Gates 1983 · U.S. Supreme Court Jones v. United States 2017 · District of Columbia Court of Appeals Maryland v. Pringle 2003 · U.S. Supreme Court Missouri v. McNeely 2013 · U.S. Supreme Court State v. Andrews 2016 · Court of Special Appeals of Maryland State v. Copes 2017 · Court of Appeals of Maryland State v. Earls 2013 · Supreme Court of New Jersey State v. Martin 2019 · Florida Fourth District Court of Appeal State v. Sylvestre 2018 · Florida Fourth District Court of Appeal State v. Tate 2014 · Wisconsin Supreme Court Tracey v. State 2014 · Supreme Court of Florida United States v. Artis 2019 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States v. Brewer 2019 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Gibson 2021 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Kienast 2018 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Lambis 2016 · U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York United States v. Lewis 2022 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Patrick 2016 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Rigmaiden 2013 · U.S. District Court, District of Arizona United States v. Ross 1982 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Sanchez-Jara 2018 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Thorne 2026 · U.S. Court of Appeals, D.C. Circuit United States v. U.S. District Court 1972 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Warshak 2010 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit United States v. Wilford 2013 · U.S. District Court, District of Maryland Whren v. United States 1996 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Leon 1984 · U.S. Supreme Court People v. Meza 2023 · California Court of Appeal, Second District Price v. Superior Court 2023 · California Court of Appeal, Fourth District People v. Seymour 2023 · Colorado Supreme Court United States v. Smith 2024 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit

Vehicle Searches

Arizona v. Gant 2009 · U.S. Supreme Court California v. Acevedo 1991 · U.S. Supreme Court Maryland v. Pringle 2003 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Brewer 2019 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Ross 1982 · U.S. Supreme Court

Canine Searches

Florida v. Harris 2013 · U.S. Supreme Court Florida v. Jardines 2013 · U.S. Supreme Court Illinois v. Caballes 2005 · U.S. Supreme Court Rodriguez v. United States 2015 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Place 1983 · U.S. Supreme Court

Bodily Evidence, DNA & Biometrics

Birchfield v. North Dakota 2016 · U.S. Supreme Court Maryland v. King 2013 · U.S. Supreme Court Missouri v. McNeely 2013 · U.S. Supreme Court Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives' Association 1989 · U.S. Supreme Court

Search Exceptions & Evidence Doctrines

Arizona v. Gant 2009 · U.S. Supreme Court Arizona v. Hicks 1987 · U.S. Supreme Court Birchfield v. North Dakota 2016 · U.S. Supreme Court Brigham City v. Stuart 2006 · U.S. Supreme Court California v. Greenwood 1988 · U.S. Supreme Court Caniglia v. Strom 2021 · U.S. Supreme Court Commonwealth v. Almonor 2019 · Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Dow Chemical Co. v. United States 1986 · U.S. Supreme Court Horton v. California 1990 · U.S. Supreme Court Katz v. United States 1967 · U.S. Supreme Court Lange v. California 2021 · U.S. Supreme Court Long Lake Township v. Maxon 2024 · Michigan Supreme Court Maryland v. King 2013 · U.S. Supreme Court Minnesota v. Dickerson 1993 · U.S. Supreme Court Missouri v. McNeely 2013 · U.S. Supreme Court Riley v. California 2014 · U.S. Supreme Court State v. Copes 2017 · Court of Appeals of Maryland United States v. Ackerman 2016 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit United States v. Adkinson 2019 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Ellis 2017 · U.S. District Court, Northern District of California United States v. Ganias 2016 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit United States v. Hammond 2021 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Jacobsen 1984 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Kendrick 2026 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Kienast 2018 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Lewis 2022 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Miller 1976 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Patrick 2016 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Thorne 2026 · U.S. Court of Appeals, D.C. Circuit United States v. Wilford 2013 · U.S. District Court, District of Maryland United States v. Wurie 2013 · First Circuit; affirmed with Riley in 2014 United States v. Leon 1984 · U.S. Supreme Court

Cellphone Location & Cell-Site Simulators

Commonwealth v. Almonor 2019 · Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Commonwealth v. Augustine 2014 · Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Jones v. United States 2017 · District of Columbia Court of Appeals State v. Andrews 2016 · Court of Special Appeals of Maryland State v. Copes 2017 · Court of Appeals of Maryland State v. Earls 2013 · Supreme Court of New Jersey State v. Martin 2019 · Florida Fourth District Court of Appeal State v. Sylvestre 2018 · Florida Fourth District Court of Appeal State v. Tate 2014 · Wisconsin Supreme Court Tracey v. State 2014 · Supreme Court of Florida United States v. Adkinson 2019 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Artis 2019 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States v. Ellis 2017 · U.S. District Court, Northern District of California United States v. Gibson 2021 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Hammond 2021 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Lambis 2016 · U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York United States v. Lewis 2022 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Patrick 2016 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Rigmaiden 2013 · U.S. District Court, District of Arizona United States v. Riley 2017 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit United States v. Sanchez-Jara 2018 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Skinner 2012 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit United States v. Thorne 2026 · U.S. Court of Appeals, D.C. Circuit United States v. Wilford 2013 · U.S. District Court, District of Maryland

Digital Devices, Cloud & Computer Searches

Microsoft Corp. v. United States 2016 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit Riley v. California 2014 · U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Ackerman 2016 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit United States v. Ganias 2016 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit United States v. Kienast 2018 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Warshak 2010 · U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit United States v. Wurie 2013 · First Circuit; affirmed with Riley in 2014 Van Buren v. United States 2021 · U.S. Supreme Court

AI, Algorithms & Automated Decisions

State v. Loomis 2016 · Wisconsin Supreme Court State v. Miles 2026 · Supreme Court of New Jersey

Case Timeline

2026
Chatrie v. United States (2026)
U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Alisigwe
U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit Clements v. Commonwealth
Court of Appeals of Virginia Robinson v. Commonwealth
Court of Appeals of Virginia State v. Contreras-Sanchez
Minnesota Supreme Court State v. Miles
Supreme Court of New Jersey State v. Pennington
Kansas Court of Appeals State v. Simonson
Washington Court of Appeals, Division III United States v. Kendrick
U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Porter
U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit United States v. Thorne
U.S. Court of Appeals, D.C. Circuit
2025
Wells v. State
Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
2024
Long Lake Township v. Maxon
Michigan Supreme Court United States v. Hay
U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit United States v. Mapson
U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit United States v. Smith
U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit
2023
People v. Meza
California Court of Appeal, Second District People v. Seymour
Colorado Supreme Court Price v. Superior Court
California Court of Appeal, Fourth District
2022
Commonwealth v. Comenzo
Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court United States v. Lewis
U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Moore-Bush
U.S. Court of Appeals, First Circuit
2021
Caniglia v. Strom
U.S. Supreme Court Lange v. California
U.S. Supreme Court Leaders of a Beautiful Struggle v. Baltimore Police Department
U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit People v. Tafoya
Colorado Supreme Court United States v. Gibson
U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Hammond
U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Tuggle
U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit Van Buren v. United States
U.S. Supreme Court
2020
Commonwealth v. McCarthy
Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Commonwealth v. Mora
Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Kansas v. Glover
U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Yang
U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit
2019
Commonwealth v. Almonor
Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court State v. Martin
Florida Fourth District Court of Appeal United States v. Adkinson
U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Artis
U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States v. Brewer
U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit
2018
Carpenter v. United States
U.S. Supreme Court District of Columbia v. Wesby
U.S. Supreme Court State v. Sylvestre
Florida Fourth District Court of Appeal United States v. Kienast
U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States v. Sanchez-Jara
U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit
2017
Jones v. United States
District of Columbia Court of Appeals State v. Copes
Court of Appeals of Maryland United States v. Ellis
U.S. District Court, Northern District of California United States v. Riley
U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit
2016
Birchfield v. North Dakota
U.S. Supreme Court Microsoft Corp. v. United States
U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit State v. Andrews
Court of Special Appeals of Maryland State v. Loomis
Wisconsin Supreme Court United States v. Ackerman
U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit United States v. Ganias
U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit United States v. Graham
U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit United States v. Houston
U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit United States v. Lambis
U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York United States v. Patrick
U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit
2015
Rodriguez v. United States
U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Davis
U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit
2014
Commonwealth v. Augustine
Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Prado Navarette v. California
U.S. Supreme Court Riley v. California
U.S. Supreme Court State v. Tate
Wisconsin Supreme Court Tracey v. State
Supreme Court of Florida United States v. Wurie
Companion case resolved with Riley · U.S. Supreme Court
2013
Florida v. Harris
U.S. Supreme Court Florida v. Jardines
U.S. Supreme Court Maryland v. King
U.S. Supreme Court Missouri v. McNeely
U.S. Supreme Court State v. Earls
Supreme Court of New Jersey United States v. Rigmaiden
U.S. District Court, District of Arizona United States v. Wilford
U.S. District Court, District of Maryland United States v. Wurie
U.S. Court of Appeals, First Circuit
2012
United States v. Jones
U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Skinner
U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit
2010
United States v. Warshak
U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit
2009
Arizona v. Gant
U.S. Supreme Court
2007
United States v. Forrester
U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit
2006
Brigham City v. Stuart
U.S. Supreme Court
2005
Illinois v. Caballes
U.S. Supreme Court
2003
Maryland v. Pringle
U.S. Supreme Court
2002
United States v. Arvizu
U.S. Supreme Court
2001
Kyllo v. United States
U.S. Supreme Court
2000
Illinois v. Wardlow
U.S. Supreme Court
1996
Whren v. United States
U.S. Supreme Court
1993
Minnesota v. Dickerson
U.S. Supreme Court
1991
California v. Acevedo
U.S. Supreme Court
1990
Horton v. California
U.S. Supreme Court
1989
Florida v. Riley
U.S. Supreme Court Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives' Association
U.S. Supreme Court
1988
California v. Greenwood
U.S. Supreme Court
1987
Arizona v. Hicks
U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Cuevas-Sanchez
U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit United States v. Dunn
U.S. Supreme Court
1986
California v. Ciraolo
U.S. Supreme Court Dow Chemical Co. v. United States
U.S. Supreme Court
1984
Oliver v. United States
U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Jacobsen
U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Leon
U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Karo
U.S. Supreme Court
1983
Illinois v. Gates
U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Knotts
U.S. Supreme Court United States v. Place
U.S. Supreme Court
1982
United States v. Ross
U.S. Supreme Court
1979
Smith v. Maryland
U.S. Supreme Court
1976
United States v. Miller
U.S. Supreme Court
1972
United States v. U.S. District Court
U.S. Supreme Court
1971
United States v. White
U.S. Supreme Court
1967
Berger v. New York
U.S. Supreme Court Katz v. United States
U.S. Supreme Court
Library status: 110 published case analyses · 16 research topics · reviewed September 19, 2026. Use the Persistent Surveillance & the Fourth Amendment explainer for the doctrinal overview, the Technology Crosswalk to connect cases to specific police technologies, and the Fourth Amendment Timeline for chronological context.